The proposal to scientifically study UAP phenomena is not new.

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And this is where interdisciplinary scientific investigation is needed. Judging the nature of these objects (and these seem to be “objects,” as confirmed by the Navy) needs a coherent explanation that should accommodate and connect all the facts of the events. What happened before and after these video snippets? Were there any simultaneous observations from other instruments, or sightings by pilots?

It’s difficult, if not impossible, to say what these actually are, however, without context. Speculations about their nature have run the gamut from mundane objects like birds or balloons to visitors from outer space. Navy and officially released by Pentagon that purportedly show 'unidentified aerial phenomena' (UAP) in our skies. UFOs have been back in the news because of videos initially leaked, and later confirmed, by the U.S. You need JavaScript enabled to view it., or visit. Crompton at This email address is being protected from spambots. Koppenhoefer of AltaSim Technologies using COMSOL Multiphysics. Similarly, imposing a thermal gradient on an array of Bismuth Telluride pellets results in the generation of a potential across the surface of the module, as shown in Figure 2, due to the Seebeck effect. Analysis of the behavior of Bismuth Telluride p-n junctions when a voltage is applied is shown in Figure 1, with the generation of focused heating and cooling due to the Peltier effect. The governing equations incorporate the Peltier and Seebeck coefficients to allow a full description of the thermoelectric phenomenon.įigure 2: Electric potential for a thermoelectric module made up of an array of Bismuth Telluride pellets due to imposition of a non-uniform temperature distribution - the Seebeck Effect. The governing equations for heat energy and electric current have been implemented in the weak form, together with the temperature dependence of critical electrical and thermal material properties. Despite their relatively low efficiency, these devices have found widespread use in innovative technologies requiring highly localized heating/cooling or temperature measurement in small volumes.ĭue to the increase in exploitation of devices using Seebeck-Peltier phenomena, AltaSim Technologies has implemented analysis of the Seebeck-Peltier effects into COMSOL Multiphysics V 4.2. Thermoelectric devices using thermoelectric effects have found many applications including temperature measurement, solid-state heating or cooling, and direct energy conversion from waste heat. The Thomson effect describes the heating or cooling of a current-carrying conductor in the presence of a temperature gradient.įigure 1: Temperature distribution resulting from imposition of voltage to Bismuth Telluride pellets - the Peltier Effect. The Peltier effect describes the production of heat at an electrified junction of two different materials - the forced flow of charged carriers creates a temperature difference. The Seebeck effect describes the conversion of temperature differences directly into electricity at the atomic scale, an applied temperature gradient causes charged carriers in the material to diffuse from the hot side to the cold side, generating a current flow. The phenomena are described by three related mechanisms: the Seebeck, Peltier, and Thomson effects. Thermoelectric phenomena provide the direct conversion of heat into electricity or electricity into heat.

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